From my testing on MySQL 4.1 and 5.0, Zen Cart v1.3.8a users will not witness any obvious ill effects as a result of change to longer Transaction IDs.
It is true that the data stored in the "authorizenet" table, which archives details of historical transactions, will not properly accommodate the longer lengths; however, it seems that the only side-effect is that the number gets stored literally as 2147483647. While that makes that particular value meaningless if it's supposed to be a higher value, at least it will not cause interruptions in customer shopping experiences. Additionally, since the Transaction ID value is stored elsewhere as a text-only comment in a text field, the location where the store administrator would actually see the Transaction ID for purposes of refunds etc will not be adversely affected.
For those who desire it, the quick solution to allow the full transaction_id to be stored in the authorizenet table is to simply run this SQL command on their database:
Code:
ALTER TABLE authorizenet CHANGE COLUMN transaction_id transaction_id varchar(20) NOT NULL default '';
Zen Cart versions newer than v1.3.8a will include this fix.