Of course. You can set up Men's shoes, Men's tennis shoes, Men's loafers, Men's lace ups, etc.
The trick is to create a category that pertains to all men's shoes (Men's Shoes) and add all of the men's shoes to that category. It's always good to set all the attributes while in the main category.
Next, create all the categories that might fall under Men's Shoes. I.e., Men's Black Shoes and Men's Brown Shoes. You could even have them as a sub category under Men's Shoes by Color, BUT be careful not to create too many levels. Folks don't like to "drill down" too far to find what they are looking for.
Then, you would use the Copy method to link all the black shoes to the Men's Black Shoes category. When you click on the Purple Circle Button with the C in the middle, you only have to select which category to put the link into as the Link and Copy Attributes are already at the default.
The advantage, you ask? You only have to set up a master category, sub-categories, and enter products/attributes in the main category. Then, copy them wherever you think they will fit.
Best of all, if you need to edit one of the shoes, you just edit the listing in the master category and all the links are updated as well.